Although irreversibility is an intuitive concept in many respects, formal approaches to entropy in secondary school physics are difficult to understand. The paper illustrates an historical approach based on Sadi Carnot?s hydraulic analogy (1824) between spatial and thermal levels. In analogy with a reversible hydraulic wheel, […]
In 1666 Newton used a glass prism to decompose white light and make the so-called “rainbow” colors appear. The next step was to get the white light back from that “rainbow”. To do this, different techniques can be adopted, we will examine one in particular, […]
A formula for calculating the index of refraction of a transparent plane parallel sheet is derived geometrically, the known quantities being the thickness of the sheet, the angle of the incident ray of light and the lateral displacement of the outgoing ray. […]